Binocular Vision Dysfunction (BVD) is a condition that can occur after a traumatic brain injury and can cause anxiety and panic attacks because the eyes are not aligned properly. Symptoms of BVD include seeing double, being sensitive to light, having trouble judging distances, difficulty reading, having a shorter attention span, feeling dizzy or disoriented, struggling to navigate through crowds, feeling anxious, experiencing nausea, and having pain in the neck and shoulders. In severe cases, BVD can lead to agoraphobia. Medications for anxiety may not help with BVD-related anxiety and could make symptoms worse. A Functional Vision Evaluation can diagnose BVD, and treatment involves using special lenses called prism spatial lenses to realign vision. This can reduce symptoms by 30-50% immediately and up to 70-80% with consistent use. Neuro-optometric rehabilitation, along with prism lenses, can address the underlying issue.

Binocular Vision Dysfunction (BVD) is a condition where the eyes do not work together properly, which can cause double vision or vertical heterophoria. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, trouble reading, and feeling anxious in crowded places. It is recommended that children and adults, especially those with difficulty reading, head injuries, or developmental delays, have regular eye exams. These exams assess how well the eyes work together, focus, and move.

Panic attacks, marked by intense anxiety and physical symptoms, are linked to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The vagus nerve plays a key role in these responses, with techniques like the Valsalva maneuver helping regulate heart rate and blood pressure. Vergence therapy, which involves voluntary eye convergence, is being explored as a potential treatment. The oculo-cardiac reflex, known to influence heart rate, is also significant in this context.