Functional vision issues, which involve the brain, eyes and visual pathways working together, can cause difficulties in reading and writing for children. These problems may not be detected by conventional eye examinations and can include poor convergence, laterality, form discrimination, span of recognition, visualization, tracking, orientation, and focusing. Vision therapy, involving exercises and various tools, is an effective treatment for improving these underperforming visual skills.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) often causes decline in visual acuity, dry eyes, and discomfort. Including a neuro-ophthalmologist in the healthcare team can help manage these issues. Motor symptoms include blurred vision, eye strain, reading difficulties due to slowed eye movements, and difficulty opening the eyes. Dry eyes are common as PD individuals blink less frequently than normal. Seborrheic blepharitis can intensify dry eye symptoms. Traumatic Brain Injury can impact various visual skills such as tracking, fixation, focus change, depth perception, peripheral vision, binocularity, sustaining attention, visualization, near vision acuity, distance acuity, and vision perception.

Stroke rates in Malaysia doubled from 0.3% to 0.7% between 2006 and 2011, with vision problems being a common issue among survivors. These issues include visual field loss, eye movement problems, and visual processing problems. Neuro-Optometric Vision rehabilitation is crucial for improving patients’ visual function post-stroke. Patients should consult a Neuro-optometrist for suitable treatment plans.